Groundnut rust disease pdf

Intercropping of pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut 1. Validation of ssr markers linked to the rust and late leaf. When it sucks the sap of an infected plant it receives groundnut rosette virus and satellite rna, packaged together within a coating of groundnut rosette assistor virus. Genetics, genomics and breeding of groundnut arachis. In india it was first observed in 1971 in punjab, tamil nadu, west bengal mand andhra pradesh. It is most often found on mature plants where symptoms appear primarily on the surfaces of lower leaves. Disease response of peanut genotypes to rust and leaf spot in citra, florida fl in. Peanuts, and other plants belonging to the genus arachis. The investigation was undertaken to determine the mode of genetic in a ratio of 1r. Rust puccinia arachidis symptoms the disease attacks all aerial parts of the plant. In groundnut, fungi cause seed rots and seedling diseases such as root rot, stem rot, wilts, blight. Rust, plant disease caused by more than 4,000 species of fungi and funguslike organisms of the phylum oomycota. Spread of the disease in india is documented, and the role of continuous cultivation of groundnut in perpetuating the disease emphasized. In africa, the groundnut aphid feeds on as many as 142.

Mcdonald2 abstract kesearrh on rust dueasc qfgroundnut at icris. Pdf sustainable groundnut production can be realised through development and. The casual organism of rust disease is puccinia arachidis. Recommended groundnut production practices for smallholder farmers in uganda. Infection is favoured by prolonged leaf wetness, so rusts are usually diseases of wet summers. Weekly disease severity index % was used to construct the disease progress curves as presented in fig. By late summer there may be many different rust species present on various plants in the garden. The rust of groundnut caused by puccinia arachidis speg. It affects leaves, stems and pegs, producing many small red spots or pustules. Characterizing peanut rust resistance format check. Here is a list of fourteen major diseases found in groundnut. The rust fungus will not remain alive in old vines or in the soil, but will. The peanut rust disease is an economically important biotic stress that significantly reduces the pod and fodder yield and oil quality.

Disease assessment 5 6 6 6 7 diseases of groundnut 8 fungal diseases bacterial disease virus diseases nematode diseases 8 8 8 8 mp 1. Protection of groundnut plants from rust disease by. A large number of diseases are known to be associated with groundnut crop, however, only some of them cause economic losses. Rust puccinia arachidis is identified by the appearance of orange pustules uredinia on the abaxial lower surface of leaves and reddish brown urediniospores uredospores. For example, the rust that attacks antirrhinum is a different species from that affecting hollyhock. Plant growth and productivity are commonly reduced, and.

Groundnut rust is a relatively new disease to africa, becoming widespread only since the 1970s. This article is a list of diseases of peanuts arachis hypogaea. Peanut, arachis hypogaea, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family fabaceae grown for its oil and edible nuts. Groundnut rust disease proceedings of a discussion group meeting, 24 28 september 1984.

The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. The disease is usually found when the plants are about 6 weeks old. Rust caused by puccinia arachidis and late leaf spot lls caused by cerco sporidium personatum are two major foliar fungal diseases of groundnut and can. Groundnut or peanut is an important legume nut known for its multifarious uses including oil production, direct human consumption as food and also animal consumption in the form of hay, silage and. Small brown to chestnut dusty pustules appear on the lower surface of leaves. Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting rhizo. Jan 01, 2002 in groundnut, two identical mutants with disease lesion mimic leaf trait were isolated independently from two different parents through induced mutagenesis and in vitro culture technique. White mold appears on kerstings groundnut leaves mainly during reproductive stage, it may be caused by oidium sp. Groundnut rust is now of considerable economic importance in many major groundnut growing regions of the world. Reaction of peanut cultivars to late leafspot and rust. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Destroy volunteer, self sown groundnut plants, reservoir hosts and debris to reduce the primary source of inoculums. Permission for commercial reproduction should be sought from the managing editor, university of greenwich at medway, central avenue, chatham maritime, kent me4 4tb, united kingdom. There are more than 5,000 known species of rust on plants.

Integrated disease management in groundnut agropedia. International journal of plant, animal and environmental sciences page. Rust affects many economically important plant species and usually appears as yellow, orange, red, rust, brown, or black powdery pustules on leaves, young shoots, and fruits. This article needs additional citations for verification. The most effective method to control the disease is to plant peanut varieties that have some resistance to the disease. Reduction in pod yield due to this disease is nearly 5060%.

Inheritance of disease lesion mimic leaf trait in groundnut. High relative humidity above 85 percent, heavy rainfall and low temperature 2025 degrees favours disease. Changes in biomolecules of groundnut leaves infected with rust puccinia arachidis speg y. Despite several breeding efforts against the disease by. Green rosette disease occurs in west africa and angola, malawi, swaziland and uganda.

Inheritance of rust resistance in groundnut arachis hypogaea. Integrated pest management in groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Groundnut rosette disease occurs throughout subsaharan africa. Protocols for screening genotypes at field condition involve the use of infector row technique subrahmanyam et al. In the present investigation, we have attempted to validate the linkage of 22 ssr markers for rust and lls disease complex. It is clearly in the interest of major groundnut growing countries to keep the disease out, especially in africa where the fungus is not yet recorded. The distribution of, losses and damage caused by groundnut pests are discussed, along with a variety of control measures and methods for their integration for effective pest management. The leaf chlorophyll content in both the mutants was found to be drastically reduced. The causing agent of the kerstings groundnut rust disease is yet to be determined. Kerstings groundnut macrotyloma geocarpum harms marechal. Present situation and possible interactions with other groundnut foliar diseases. Methods of screening germplasm and breeding lines for resistance to rust are described, and the identified sources of.

The leaves are arranged in alternate pairs and have leaflike attachments near the stalk. Groundnut rust has beeome an important disease in india, particulaxly. This information will be 1 10 introduction severe conditions disease is found infecting. Although the control protected plots were sprayed with fungicide, there were still a low level of both leaf spot and leaf rust disease infections 15% severity, depending on the groundnut genotypes. Reports of the disease from south america, south and southeast asia and oceania are now thought to be incorrect. The pathogen perennates through conidia on diseased plant debris lying in the soil.

This article describes in detail the major diseases of groundnut, its. Ethnological studies of the major indian tribes of south america document the widespread culture of groundnut and provide indirect evidence for its domestication long before the spanish conquest. The groundnut rust caused by puccinia arachidis speg. Strict plant quarantine regulations should be enforced to avoid the spread of rust on the pods or seeds to disease free areas. Peanut groundnut diseases and pests, description, uses. Uredospores are the main source of inoculums of rust disease of groundnut of which the dispersal is brought. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further.

This disease, caused by puccinia arachidis, is present in most groundnut producing areas and can cause losses in pod yield in excess of 50%. Uredospores present on crop debris in the field, and on pods or seeds in storage at ambient temperatures, lost viability within 6 weeks. Disease cycle of tikka disease of groundnut is presented in figure 380. This disease occurs in central and south america, west indies, venezuela, china, erstwhile u. It is a destructive disease in several south and central american countries. The control of groundnut rust through chemical measures resulted in varying degrees of success. Components of resistance to puccinia arachidis in peanuts. Effect of temperature on rust disease develop ment on three groundnut genotypes under monocyclic infection in the laboratory. Changes in biomolecules of groundnut leaves infected with. Details are given of symptoms, morphology and taxonomy of the pathogen, and disease cycle. Early leaf spot is an important disease in africa, particularly in southern africa. The groundnut rust infected leaves were collected during rainy and summer season fig.

Determination of seed resistance to colonization by aspergillus flavus 9 10 10 11 mp 5. It has now become a disease of major economic importance in almost all the groundnut growing areas of the world. The rust infected leaves from various crop fields of satara district were collected in the rainy season and brought to the laboratory for further studies. A large number of pests are associated with groundnut but not all are economically important.

Limited information about nature of inheritance of rust resistance is available to peanut breeders. It is a destructive disease in several south and central. Dhruj anand agricultural university, anand, india corresponding author a b s t r a c t groundnut, rust, fungicides, disease is found to occur regularly in gujarat during. Field evaluation of late leaf spot and leaf rust resistance. The yield loss of 1570 per cent in groundnut is reported due to leaf spot, rust and stem rot singly or in combination 1. Disease resistanttolerant varieties, including girnar 1, alr 1, icgv 87160, icgv 86590, dh 8, tg 3, mh 16, icgs 37. Groundnut rust has become an important disease in india, particularly in the south, probably because of extensive and continuous cultivation of the crop. Thirty peanut genotypes were inoculated with uredospores of the rust basis of the resistance components measured in the glasshouse trial, but fungus puccinia. Following are some of the suggested control measures of the disease. The disease is caused by a complex mixture of viruses viz. The epidermis ruptures and exposes a powdery mass of uredospores.